JOHN HENRY NEWMAN was born in 1801. When he was fifteen he was profoundly affected by Evangelicanism and Calvinism. In 1817, he went up to Trinity College, Oxford, and was elected a fellow at Oriel in 1822. At Oriel, he came first under the liberal and latitudinarian influences of Richard Whately and Renn Dickson Hampden, but shortly afterwards, through his friendship with Hurrell Froude, John Keble and Edward Pusey, became a High Churchman. In 1833, when it seemed that the Church of England was under attack from the growing liberalism and secularism of the age, he helped launch the Oxford Movement in the hope of awakening his Church to its Catholic heritage. By 1845, however, he could no longer believe that the Anglican Via Media was the true successor to the Church of Apostles and he became the nineteenth century's most famous convert to Roman Catholicism. Newman was made a Cardinal in 1879. He died in 1890 and was declared 'Venerable' by Pope John Paul II in 1991.